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32ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCHES OF TRAINING CONDITIONS OF THE POLISH WALKER
Mleczko E.*, Sudol G.*, Mirek W.*, Jaszczanin J.** *University School of Physical Educatio, Cracow, Poland,** University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland; Lithuanian Academy of Physical Uducation, Kaunas, Lithuania
Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the Polish records in the junior category in 10 and 20 km)and the training loading complied in the beginning years of the training of two Polish Olympic contestants in the sport walking (G.S.’s 7th place in 50 km and B.K.’s in 20 km). Is any directly proportional dependence between the result pace of the sport walking in 10 and 20 km ended with the polish records in the junior category in both distances and the training structure and quantity and intensity of the training loading. The extensive growth of the training loading of the sport walker is not the only way to reach the mastery level in the sport walking for junior. The training quantity which does not exceed 3000 km a year where the superiority would be all of the oxygen agents with direct disposition of the oxygen-non-oxygen and non-oxygen-oxygen agents can be claimed as the enough stimulus for any sport walker. Too extended run training quantity complied by the sport walker in the junior category can have the negative influence on his sport level.
Key words: sport walking, junior category, sport result’s, training loading, correlation factor.
Анотація. Млечко Е., Судол Г., Мірек В., Ящанін Я. Аналіз тренувальних навантажень легкоатлетів Польщі по спортивній ходьбі. Спортивні досягнення польських спортсменів по спортивній ходьбі в останній декаді минулого сторіччя й початку XXI століття в основному визначаються досягненнями багаторазового олімпійського чемпіона Р Коженевского і являють собою результат вітчизняної школи в цьому виді легкої атлетики. Метою дійсної роботи з’явилося визначення залежностей між динамікою приростів спортивних результатів, обсягом й інтенсивністю тренувальних навантажень членів олімпійської збірної країни (Г.С. і Б.К.). Визначалася динаміка результатів обох спортсменів у вікових періодах молодшо-
© Mleczko E., Sudot G., Mirek W., Jaszczanin J., 2009
го и старшого юніорів, частота участі в змаганнях на різних дистанціях, обсяг і зміст тренувальних занять, їхня структура, зони інтенсивності И кореляційні зв’язки між спортивними показниками И зонами тренувальних навантажень, їхнім обсягом і деякими кількісними характеристиками. Результати проведеного аналізу показують, що достатнім рівнем прояву адаптаційних процесів в організмі спортсменів, що займаються спортивною ходьбою є річний тренувальний обсяг, що не перевищує 3000 км. Домінуючими повинні бути навантаження в аеробній (75%), аеробно-анаеробній (11%) і анаеробно-аеробній (14%) зонах. „Бігове тренування” у віковому періоді юніора, що перевищує 10% занять по пересіченій місцевості, може впливати на спортивну майстерність представників спортивної ходьби в цьому віковому періоді.
Ключові слова: спортивна ходьба, юніори, спортивний результат, тренувальне навантаження, коефіцієнти кореляції. Аннотация. Млечко Э., Судол Г., Мирек. В., Ящанин Я. Анализ тренировочных нагрузок легкоатлетов Польши по спортивной ходьбе. Спортивные достижения польских спортсменов по спортивной ходьбе в последней декаде прошлого столетия и начала XXI века в основном определяются достижениями многократного олимпийского чемпиона Р. Коженевского и представляют собой результат отечественной школы в этом виде легкой атлетики. Целью настоящей работы явилось определение зависимостей между динамикой приростов спортивных результатов, объемом и интенсивностью тренировочных нагрузок членов олимпийской сборной страны (ГС. и Б.К.). Определялась динамика результатов обеих спортсменов в возрастных периодах младшего и старшего юниоров, частота участия в соревнованиях на различных дистанциях, объем и содержание тренировочных занятий, их структура, зоны интенсивности и корреляционные связи между спортивными показателями и зонами тренировочных нагрузок, их объемом и некоторыми количественными характеристиками. Результаты проведенного анализа показывают, что достаточным уровнем проявления адаптационных процессов в организме спортсменов занимающихся спортивной ходь -бой является годичный тренировочный объем, не превышающий 3000 км. Доминирующими должны быть нагрузки в аэробной (75%), аэробно-анаэробной (11%) и анаэробно-аэробной (14%) зонах. «Беговая тренировка» в возрастном периоде юниора, превышающая 10% занятий по пересеченной местности, может оказывать отрицательное влияние на спортивное мастерство представителей спортивной ходьбы в этом возрастном периоде. Ключевые слова: спортивная ходьба, юниоры, спортивный результат, тренировочная нагрузка, коэффициенты корреляции.
Introduction.
All the successes of the Polish sport walkers in the last decade of the 20th century and in the beginning of the 21st century, mainly thanks to Robert Korzenio-wski, are in the majority the effect of the Polish training school of the sport walking achievements. However, it would be rather difficult to find in the literature any brief writings of its specification. It appeared to be much better situation in the past. In the 80’s of the 20th century two historical publications were released and edited by T. Chmielewski [1] and K.Kisiel [2] focusing on the Polish walkers’ training issue 25 years ago. Some preview of this uncomfortable situation was the publication of some training aspects of the Olympic champion [3]. For 10 years no attempts were undertaken to continue mentioned problematic question. Apparently, this situation was caused by the attempts to secure the secret of the training ways and hints.
Accepting the personal goods protection University of Physical Education in Krakow undertook with the acceptance of the trainers and athletes the researches within the particular training subjects of the sport mastery development. In the main assumption they should lead to achieve the cognitive aims. Up to now experiences lead to the conclusion series of the
results cannot have the applicable value. In this publication we want to pay the attention to some of them.
Aim of the research.
To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the Polish records in the junior category in 10 and 20 km)and the training loading complied in the beginning years of the training of two Polish Olympic contestants in the sport walking (G.S.’s 7th place in 50 km and B.K.’s in 20 km).
Research question.
Is any directly proportional dependence between the result pace of the sport walking in 10 and 20 km ended with the polish records in the junior category in both distances and the training structure and quantity and intensity of the training loading.
Resources.
The material regarding the result progression of two Polish walkers in the junior category. G.S. (years 1994-1997) and B’K. (years 1998-2001) was analyzed. The documents came from the “Polish Athletics Association Bulletins”. From them the information come B.K. is the present Polish champion who achieved the record in 10 and 20 km in the mentioned category. The former record results belonged to G.S. Both of the contestants were the polish champions and achieved the nomination to take part in the Olympic Games in Athens. G.S. Won 7th place in 50km and B.K. 12th place in 20km. For a few years up till now they belong to the sport walkers’ world elite. In 2005 B.K. Won 7th place in the World Championship in Helsinki. The analyzed subject were also the documents gathered in the training reports during the starts period in the junior category. They were released to register the training loadings for the sport walkers. During 4 years: the number of starts, inside training, quantity (hours) and the outside training (km) with the division to the way of overcoming the distance (sport walking-run) and the exercises intensity were all sum up. To describe the inner loading factor (inner loading zone: oxygen, oxygen-non-oxygen and non-oxygen) Cempla and Mleczko (1989) method was used. The strength between the top results in the following years of the training in 10 km and complied training loading in the particular years was determined according to the value of the Spearman rang correlation factor.
Results.
The development of the Polish champions' sport results of the sport walking in the junior category. Analysing all data enclosed in the table 1 we can see B.K. (the younger contestant) achieved worse sport results in the first start season in the junior category in 5 and 10 km.
He also began participating in the 20km distance quite lately. It took place in the last year of starts in the junior category. The older contestant’s (G.S.) result progression was more decreasing what caused the better record result of the younger contestant. Besides that both juniors did not take part in 50km distance. Much later only G.S. Participated in it.
The start frequency of the researched contestants in the junior category. Both Polish juniors did
not differ according to the start number in the particular distances (tab. 2.). For their total quantity influenced first of all G.S. Starts in the 3 km distance. What should be mentioned is along with the age of contestants the number of starts were reduced for G.S. and increased for B.K.
The total quantity of the training and its structure in the following years of the training of the Polish Juniors. From the comparison one can conclude both contestants complied in the junior category different reasons of the training loading (tab. 3). First of all, from the first start year G.S.’s training was more quantitative than B.K.’s in each year. In the first year of the observation the differences reached 1555,1km and only in G.S.’s training the tendency to enlarge the training quantity appears.
B.K.’s training shows in the olderjunior category a slight decrease of pace of the described training loading’s element and its stabilization at the 3000km level a year. In the last year of the observation the difference reached 2000km. To underline its greatness the similar quantity of the training loading B.K, used to comply in the first year of the junior category (tab 3). The same situation appeared in the quantity of the inside training. G.S. spent more time on complying it (52,7-71,9hours) than B.K. (18,15-53,10 hours). Analyzing the start efficiency G.S.’s great training work (3654,7-5055,6km a year of the outside training and 52,7-79,1 hours of the inside training) gave this young contestant significant advantages like Polish records but they were not commensurable to the results achieved at this time by less working B’K. (2101-3112km).Worth mentioning is the quality differences in complying training loading of these two contestants. G.S.’s outside training enclosed more running as a training agent, especially in the first year of starts in the junior category (34-38%) In the course of time the participation of this agent decreased and reached the level of 13% in the last year of the observation. B.K.’s training enclosed the running agent in the slight percent (min.0,7-6,6%) during the whole time of the observation.
The sport training quantity complied in the sport walking engaging three inner loading zones.
Analysing the results from the tab 4. it can be assumed G.S. In the majority engaged the oxygen mechanism of the energy changes. Additionally, taking into consideration “mixed agents” proportion it appears, in the older junior of G.S. The stronger agents non-oxygen-oxygen took the bigger part.
Interesting seems to be the fact in the third analyzed season B.K. Reached the similar sport level as G.S. Another interesting fact is both being 18 years old reached the same high sport level using a very varied general quantity. The difference increased to 1400km for G.S.
The dependence between the sport result in 10 km distance and the training loading complied by the contestants of the sport walking. In the table 5. the Spearman rang correlation factors between the results in 10km and the quantity of the loadings complied by both contestants were represented. Their analysis
The result progression of the younger and older junior of the Polish Olympic contestants
Season I. (younger junior) - junior mlodszy mmlodszy II.(younger junior) III. (older junior) IV. (older junior)
G.S B.K G.S B.K G.S B.K G.S B.K.
5 km 22.56 24.42 22.07 21.53 21.08 20.36 20.50 19.25,18
10 km 45.41 47.04 42.46 43.24 41.46 41.50 41.26 40.10,00
20 km - - 1:35.10 - 1:30.21 - 1:25,47 1:24,53
50 km - - - - - - - -
Table 2.
The start frequency of the contestants of the particular start seasons
Testedy G. S. B. K.
Season 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 Sum 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 Sum
3 km 1 2 2 1 6 - - - -
5 km 5 4 2 2 13 2 4 3 4 13
10 km 6 8 12 8 34 7 10 7 8 32
20 km - 1 2 1 4 - - - 4 4
Sum 12 15 18 12 57 9 14 10 16 49
Table 3
The quantity of the inside training “efficiency” in the following seasons of the training and complied by G.S. and B.K. outside training including two groups of the training items
Season Run % Sport walking % Outsider [km] „Efficency” [h]
G.S B.K G.S B.K G.S B.K G.S B.K
I 38 3,6 62 96,4 3654,7 2101 52,7 18,15
II 34 6,6 66 93,4 4218,4 2379 60,8 21,40
III 21 1,2 79 98,8 4511,4 3112 67,3 53,10
IV 13 0,7 87 99,3 5055,6 2976 71,9 37.0
shows G.S.’s measurement presented the same strongest positive strength of the dependence between the rsult in 10km and the outside training quantity and efficiency (rsp=1). The negative correlation with the training quantity appeared. B.K.’s measurement appeared with the exception of the training quantity all the other dependences were positive and high value. No negative correlation factors appeared.
Discussion.
Basin on the presented and analyzed material the question comes: if the contestant B.K. Reached definitely the higher sport level why so intense training should be practiced? Maybe so tiring and extensive training (above 5000km a year) can be positively estimated when it leads to the later possibility of par-
ticipation in the 50km distance. It seems for the present effects and needs of sport development for junior category only the quantity of 3000km would be enough. For sure the need of elimination of the run agent as an training item should be considered. The B.K.’s experiences and the correlation factors’ analysis show the negative influence on the G.K.’s result. Because of the traditions and habits it seems there is no need to try any run agents more than those which were used by B.K. (10% of the whole year training quantity). The great number of starts should also become the subject of some discussions. For sure the number was quite high in the G.S’s years of training.
Conclusions.
The extensive growth of the training loading of
The outside training quantity (run, sport walking) with division of its intensity to three inner loading zones
Loading zone Season Oxygen % Oxygen --non oxygen % Non-oxygen -oxygen % Sum [km]
G.S B.K G.S B.K G.S B.K G.S B.K
I 75,9 76,3 10,6 7,7 13,6 16,0 2189,4 2100,9
II 81,5 77,2 7,9 8,5 10,6 13,3 4218,4 2379,0
III 73,8 72,5 9,6 14,5 16,6 13,0 4511,4 3111,5
IV 67,8 74,4 14,7 11,7 17,6 13,9 5055,6 2975,5
Table 5.
Spearman rang correlation factor between the results in 10km and the loading quantity complied by G.S. And
B.K. In the junior category.
10 km results and G.S B.K
outside training quantity 1 0,47
efficiency quantity 1 0,87
oxygen loading 0,87 0,87
oxygen-non-oxygen loading 1 0,87
non-oxygen loading 0,87 0,87
the number of starts 0,30 0,87
sport walking quantity 1 1
run quantity -0,8 0,87
the sport walker is not the only way to reach the mastery level in the sport walking for junior.
1. The training quantity which does not exceed 3000km a year where the superiority would be all of the oxygen agents with direct disposition of the oxy-gen-non-oxygen and non-oxygen-oxygen agents can be claimed as the enough stimulus for any sport walker.
2. Too extended run training quantity complied by the sport walker in the junior category can have the negative influence on his sport level.
References
1. Chmielewski T. (1978)(ed.). Chôd sportowy. I konferencja metodyczno-szkoleniowa. (The Sport walking. 1st scientific-methodical conference). Warszawa, PTNKF (Polish Scientific Association of the Physical Education).
2. Kisiel K. (1992). Konstrukcja treningu w chodzie sportowym dla juniora. (The training construction of the sport walking for junior). Lekkoatletyka (Athletics), 10-12, 48-62.
3. Walaszczyk A. (1996). Charakterystyka Obci^zen treningowych w chodzie sportowym (na przykladzie Roberta Korzeniowskiego) [The training loading characteristics of the sport walking (according to R. Korzeniewski example)], Trening (Training), 1, 28-34.
4. Cempla J, Mleczko E. (1989). Badania zaleznosci miçdzy objçtosci% struktura i dynamik^. obci^zen treningowych biegaczy a rozwojem sportowym i reakcjami fizjologicznymi na wysilek fizyczny o rôznej mocy (Researches on the development between quantity, structure and dynamics of the training loading of the runners and the sport development and physiological reactions to the physical effort of the different intensity). Monografie(Monograph), nr 33, Krakôw, AWF, (University of Physical Education, Cracow).
Came to edition 05.05.2009.
