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The most favorable softening of feces for the mixture of MFP at a dose of250 mg/kg within 4 hours was observed: hard forms — 66.7%, soft — 30.8% and liquid -only 2.5%.When receiving laxatives important is the fact that a small amount of liquid boluses that occur when using MFP at a dose of 250 mg/kg have not given rise to diarrhea effect.
The reference drug Senadeksin at a dose of13 mg/kg has provided a sharp transition from the state of constipation (62.4% of hard boluses) to diarrheal state (33% liquid boluses).It is an undesirable factor which destabilizing the motility and the intestinal micro flora. Condensed extract (CEP), as in the previous experiments had showed high laxative activity, causing a sharp increase in volume of liquid bolus.
Thus, based on experimental results, found that, the most effective a laxative action have the mixture of individual fractions of polysaccharides (MFP) at dose 250 mg/kg.
Conclusions:
1. Experimentally determined that, all isolated fractions of polysaccharides from prunes have a specific therapeutically action, so they can be used as a basis for creation a laxative remedy.
2. The laxative effect of each of obtained polysaccharides fractions dependent on used dose.
3. It was found, that the most favorable laxative effect has the mixture of individual fractions of polysaccharides (MFP) at dose 250 mg/kg.
References:
1. RF Patent 2189242 from 20.09.2002, at Yakovlev A.A, Piskovets V.A, Sadovnichenko N. V. Means for normalization of bowel function.
2. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M. Dried Plums and their Products: Composition and Health Effects-An Updated Review//Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, - 2013. - N 53. - P. 1277-1302.
3. Demidova M.A, Savchuk I.A, Shneur S. Y. Evaluation of the extract laminaria japanese dry laxative activity//Modern problems of science and education, - 2011. - N 6.
4. Alonso-Coello P., Guyatt G. H., Heels-Ansdell D., Johanson J. F., Lopez-Yarto M., Mills E., Zhuo Q. Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids//Cochrane Database System Rev., - 2005 - Oct 19; (4): CD004649.
5. Michael C., Woodward Constipation in Older People//Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, Pharmacological Management Issues, - 2002, - V. 32, - N. 1, - P. 37-43.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-54-57
Adilbekova Dilorom Bakhtierovna, assistant professor of Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan
E-mail: evovision@bk.ru
A morphological state of vascular tissue structures of the small bowelin the generation born to mothers with chronic toxic hepatitis bin conditions of hepatitiscorrection
Abstract: We studied the processes of early postnatal development of vascular and tissue structures of the liver in infant rats born from mothers with chronic toxic hepatitis in conditions of hepatitis correction in the mother.
Our research data have demonstrated that maternal liver pathology produces a negative effect on postnatal growth, development and formation as well as a morphofunctional state of gastrointestinal tract organs and the liver of the breed. It seems that the reason of the pathomorphologic alterations in the vascular tissue structures of the stomach, small and large intestines and the liver lies, first of all, in deficiency of a plastic, trophic and energy material of the fetus during the fetal period of development due to maternal liver pathology. For these reasons it is necessary to develop substantiated medical and preventive measures aimed at prevention of pathology in children born and fed by mothers with hepatic pathology.
Keywords: Chronic toxic hepatitis, maternal liver, gastrointestinal tract organs.
Introduction. Maternal liver diseases are a reason of fetal pathology and can become a reason of adelay in general development of the new generation and its predisposition to various diseases.
Despite the numerous studies, a problem of toxic lesions of organs and tissues in men and animals remains to be important. It is stipulated, first of all, by a rapid development in the chemical industry, incorrect recycling of chemical wastes, spread of toxicomaniaand drug addiction [1; 2].
A wide use of pesticides and other toxic chemicals have caused negative shifts not only on the environment, but also became a reason of occurrence of acute and chronic toxic poisoning, substantial functional and structural shifts in the internal organs [3].
We studied the processes of early postnatal development ofvas-cular and tissue structures of the liver in infant rats born from moth-
ers with chronic toxic hepatitis in conditions of hepatitis correction in the mother — that was the aim of our research.
Materials and methods. The model of chronic heliotrine hepatitis in female rats was reproduced weekly with an injection of heliotrine in a dose of 0.5 mg per 100 gr of mass during 6 weeks. The animals were divided into two groupsafter the last injection as follows: the first group included rats with chronic toxic hepatitisand the second one comprised rats with chronic toxic hepatitis, which were given essentiale forte and carsilfor for 30 days. Male ratswere placedto themon treatment completion. Male ratswere placed to females of the first group 10 days after the last injection. The generation of rats was studied on 3, 7, 21, 30 and 120days after birth.
Pieces of a tissue were taken from the liver of infant rats on the3rd 7th 21st and 30thday of postnatal developmentand they were
A morphological state of vascular tissue structures of the small bowelin the generation born to mothers.
studied by using conventional morphological, morphometric and electron microscopic research methods.
To study intra-organ vessels of the liver, a solution of black ink was administered intracardially through the left ventricle of heart according to the original technique developed by M. A. Kolesov [4]. The vessel clearing was performed according to the method developed by A. G. Malygin [5].
Results and discussion. The study of small bowel structures during the first week of life of young rats has shown that all four coatings are seen distinctly in their wall, viz. mucosal, submucosal and serous muscular ones. The mucosa is presented by villi and lined by one-layer cylindrical epithelium. Villi are correct, thin and finger-shaped. Their basis is wider than in the apical portion. The stroma ofvilli is slightly infiltrated with globocellular elements. The height of duodenal villi as well as the depth of crypts of the jejunum and the ileum differs slightly from the control. The crypt lumen is narrowed; their stroma is moderately infiltrated with cellular elements. Goblet cells at various synthesis stage and excretion of secretion are found between absorbing epithelial cells. Alongside with formed villi, those at the stage of formation can be seen. Mitotically dividing cells, a number ofwhich is increasing in the distal direction of the intestine, can be foundamong less differentiated cells.
Short microvilli can be found on the apical portion of absorbing epithelial cells. Large, oval or spherical cell nuclei are located at the cellular base. Their cytoplasm is fine-grained, rich in mitochondria and a rough reticulum. The mitochondrial matrix is moderately electron dense. Fine mitochondriaarelocated by nuclei. The Golgi complex is well developed. The cytoplasm is saturated with
electron dense secretory granules. It is rich with free ribosomes and polysomes.
A submucous membrane consists of a loose fibrous cribriform tissue with vascular and nervous plexuses.
The muscular tunic is thin and consistsof two layers: the internal one is circular and the external one is longitudinal. The internal muscular layer is developed more strongly than the external one.
The serous membrane presents a layer of mesothelial cells. Development and differentiation of intestinal tissue structures go onin 14-day old infant rats. In comparison with a week period of development, the thickness of all layers of the intestinal wall increases; an amount of formed villi decreasesin the mucosa, their height and the depth of crypts, a number of enterocytes, villi and crypts as well as mitotically dividing cells increase.
By 21-30 days of postnatal development we observed the completion of formation processes of tissue structures of the small bowelwall. All types of cells of its layers are clearly differentiated. Mucosal villiare high, finger-shaped and cryptsare deep. The epithelial layer on villi consists of highly prismatic cells, among which goblet cells at various stages ofsecretion can be found (fig. 1). Goblet cellsecretion contains the special reaction positive material.
Crypts have a shape of narrow tubules. Mitotically dividing cells can be foundin the area of the middle and bottom thirds of crypts. Their number is somewhat higher than in the control group.
The submucosal membrane consists of a loose fibrous connecting tissue rich with vascular and nervous plexuses.
Layers of a fibrous connecting tissue with blood vessels can be observedbetween muscular fascicles of the muscular membrane.
Figure1. The mucosal membrane of the ileum in 30-day
The serous membrane presents one layer of mesothelial cells. The thickness of the serous-muscular membrane is within normal ranges.
The general architectonics and relief of all coatings of the small bowel wall corresponded to that of mature animals. The processes of proliferation, differentiation and extrusion of cells in the crypts and villi in the intestinal mucosa are in the state of equilibrium.
Enterocytes are highly differentiated. Well developed microvilli are located on their apical surface. The cell cytoplasm contains a complex of organellas. Mitochondria are oval or extended. A rough reticulum contacts to mitochondria. Some ribosomes and poly-
old infant rats. Hematoxylin — eosine. Object 20. ocul. 10.
somes can be observed. The Golgi complex is well developed, somewhat hypertrophied and located above the nucleus; it consists of lamellas, vesicles and vacuoles. The basal membrane is even thicker than in the previous period of development.
The architectonics of microvessels of the small bowel wall of week old infant rats essentially does not differ from the controls. However, processes of morphological and morphometric formation of intra-organic vessels of the small bowel have not completed yet.
Diameter of precapillaries and capillaries of the mucosal membrane is within normal ranges. Capillaries and plethorical venous vessels located in a convoluted way occurred only occasionally.
Diameter of venules is slightly larger and the vessel density is reliably lower than that of the control. We also observed similar alterations in vessels of submucosal and serous muscular membranes. Immature collagenic fibers and poorly differentiated connective tissue cells were found in the structure of arteriole walls.
No significant pathological changes were observed in the architectonics of microvessels of all layers of the small bowel wall in 14-30-day old infant rats (fig. 2). We have noted the increased density of mucosal capillaries in comparison with the previous follow-up periods. The sinuous, non-uniformly narrowed capillaries were occasionally taped. The wall of villus capillaries consists of 3 coatings, viz. an endothelium with the basal membrane, a layer of pericytes and adventitious cells and thin reticular fibers. Elastic fibers and single smooth muscle cells are found in the wall of venules. Differentiation processes still go on. All links of vessels of the microcirculatory bed can be detected in the submucosal membrane. The wall of arterioles has well devel-
oped smooth muscle cells. Their wall is somewhat thickened. In sites, where precapillaries branch from arterioles, aggregation of muscular cells can be seen. Diameter of post capillaries and venules is more than that of arterioles. A comparatively greater amount of smooth muscle cells can be seen in the wall of venules. It is only occasionally that venules are dilated and overfilled with blood. Differentiation processes continued in vessels of the muscular membrane.
In long-term studies (on the 120th day of life) we established that all links of vessels of the microcirculatory bed were highly differentiated (fig. 3.).
Vessels of an organ muscular membrane anastomose widely among themselves and form a vascular lattice between muscular fascicles. Well developed capillaries prevail.
All morphological and morphometric indicators of small bowel micro vessels are maximally close to the norm during this period of the postnatal life of animals.
Fig. 2. Blood vessels of the ileum in 21 -day old infant rats. The vessels are cast with black ink. Object 10. ocul. 10.1: arteriole; 2: venule; 3: capillary network
Fig. 3. Blood vessels of the serous muscular membrane of the small bowel in 120 day old infant rats. Vessel cast with Herot mass. Object 10-ocul. 10. 1-artery; 2-vein; 3-arteriole; 4-capillaries; 5-venule
Dynamics of changes of immunologic parameters in children with chronic colostasis in relation to method of treatment
Thus, our research data have demonstrated that maternal liver pathology produces a negative effect on postnatal growth, development and formation as well as a morphofunctional state of gastrointestinal tract organs and the liver of the breed. It seems that the reason of the pathomorphologic alterations in the vascular tissue structures of the stomach, small and large intestines and the liver lies, first of all, in deficiency of a plastic, trophic and energy material of the fetus during the fetal period of development due to maternal liver pathology. Besides, according to medical sources [4, 5, 6], compensatory-adaptive processes in the liver begin early and
actively in fetuses from mothers suffering from hepatic pathology and that, in its turn, can result in delay and retardation of development and formation of other organs.
At the same time, we cannot exclude other factors such as a disordered antitoxic function of the liver and resultant hepatoxins and their metabolites in mother's blood entering the fetus through the placenta, breast milk and causing inflammatory reactive alterations in its body. For these reasons it is necessary to develop substantiated medical and preventive measures aimed at prevention of pathology in children born and fed by mothers with hepatic pathology.
References:
1. Abdullaev N.Kh, Karimov Kh.Ya. The liver in hepatotropic poison intoxication. -Tashkent: Medicine, - 1989. - 140 p.
2. Baibekova E. M., Sultanova L. I. Peculiarities of the liver structure in chronic hepatitis and its medicament correction/J. of Med of Uzbekistan. - 1989. - № 4. - P. 50-53.
3. Vorontsov I. M., Fateyev E. M. Actual problems of natural feeding//J. Pediatrician. - 1997. - № 1. - P. 38-41.
4. Kolesov M. A., Kulikov V. V. Result of prospects of studying morphological foundations on hemocirculation//J. Archives of anatomy, histology and embryology. - 1978. - № 5. - P. 5-19.
5. Malygin A. M. A new method of anatomic drug clearing./Azerb. med J. - 1956, 6: 76-77.
6. Zufarov K. A. New data about digestive and absorptive functions of the bowel and kidney in newborns. - Tashkent: Medicine, - 1978. -40 p.
7. Makhmudov O. S., Chernyavskaya N. V., Lyamina T. P. Congenital hepatitis in children//J. of Med of Uzbekistan. - 1994. - № 4. - P. 5-7.
8. Hasanova R. A. The state of fetuses and newborns in women with viral hepatitis/J. Healthcare of Turkmenistan - 1987. - № 1. - P. 16-19.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-57-60
Akilov Khabibulla Ataullaevich, d.m.s., professor, Head of Children Surgery Department of Republican Research Center of the Emergency Medical Care, pro-rector on education, Head of Children Surgery Department of Tashkent Post-graduate Medical Institute Saidov Farkhod Khamidovich, Children surgeon Department of the Children Surgery, Republican Research Center of Emergency Medical Care E-mail: ludmilamedlib@mail.ru Zalyalieva Mariyam Valievna, d. m.s., professor, Head of the Laboratory of Immunodiagnosis Institute of Immunology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Dynamics of changes of immunologic parameters in children with chronic colostasis in relation to method of treatment
Abstract: The conservative therapy of colostasis in young children with inclusion of drugs having immunomodulating properties (duphalac, lynex, detoxicants, vitamins) showed significant increase of the parameters of T-cellular immunity (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocyes) with normalization of immunoregulatory index, decrease in expression of apoptosis markers and natural cells of killers. The early postoperative period was characterized by monocytopenia, lymphopenia, neutrophylia, some lowering of the concentration of immunoglobulins, growth of apoptosis markers expression, and it is also accompanied by improvement of the parameters of T-cellular immunity due to growth of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes.
Keywords: chronic colostasis, immunology, treatment, children.
Background. In the various countries from 28 to 50% of adults and more than 5% of children are suffering from constipation. In the native literature the analogous parameters in children fluctuate from 16 to 25%, and all authors agree about the opinion that they have tendency to growth every year [1].
Delayed correction of constipation results in various complications in rough changes of microbe landscape (disbacteriosis), the
activity of intestine as organ of digestion and as immune organ disturbs [6; 9].
The normal microbe flora with its specific functions determine intestine biocenosis and ecological balance, and disturbance of these functions results in various metabolic disorders, occurrence of deficit of vitamins and microelements, attenuation of immunologic status, that lead to the irreversible processes in the various organs and systems [4].
